美国的孤儿药(第一部分)
罕见疾病治疗的增长趋势
Institute Report
2018年10月17日

关于报告

在过去的几年中,随着新疗法的数量飙升,在媒体上越来越多地讨论了罕见的疾病。这些疾病中的许多是威胁生命或生命的疾病,尽管现在可以将某些疾病视为慢性疾病,但对于首次新的治疗治疗方法,为患者带来了更好的生活。该报告更新了该研究所于2017年10月发布的孤儿药市场的分析,并提供了有关稀有疾病的特征,其治疗方法以及1983年《孤儿药物法》在推进稀有疾病药物方面的作用的历史观点。它描述了孤儿药用支出,数量和价格的特征,将孤儿药物放在专业药物趋势以及整体医学支出水平和增长的背景下。

报告摘要

尽管在美国批准了500多种孤儿药物疗法,但仍有许多罕见的疾病没有有效治疗。但是,研究人员和FDA对罕见疾病疗法的关注不断增加,在过去两年中,这些患者的新治疗选择数量急剧增加。2017年,FDA批准了80个孤儿指示,并在2018年批准了57次在今年的前八个月。科学进步的结合,以及政策制定者对推进精确医学的越来越多的承诺,也加剧了孤儿疗法数量的增加。

Orphan drugs can be expensive for patients and payers. However, there is generally an inverse relationship between the price of these therapies and their volume of use, given that orphan drugs are developed for small patient populations. Although the median annual cost for an orphan drug in 2017 was over $46,800, the median annual cost for the top ten rare disease therapies used by the greatest number of patients was much lower at $1,216. Overall, drug spending in the United States is evolving from an emphasis on high-volume, low-cost drugs for chronic diseases toward drugs with lower volumes but with higher value in terms of patient outcomes.

美国使用的药物总量中使用的孤儿药物份额从2003年的0.6%下降到2015年的0.3%,但到2017年上涨至0.4%。2017年美国的总药品支出为4510亿美元,有近56%的非孔剂传统药物花费了34.7%的非孔特种药物,而9.6%的花费在孤儿的批准孤儿药物上。孤儿的支出中度增加了,这些药物仅占整体医学预算的一小部分。

关键发现

自《孤儿毒品法》通过以来,美国批准的孤儿迹象的数量显着增加
  • The FDA approved 80 new orphan indications in 2017 and 57 just within the first eight months of 2018, the highest numbers annually since the passage of the Orphan Drug Act.
  • FDA在2017年开发了429种独特的药物,授予了孤儿的名称。
  • 药物制造商继续将注意力集中在针对孤儿适应症的疗法的开发中,而在2017年在美国发射的42种新活性物质(以前未批准为药物产品)的42种活性物质(分子)是孤儿药。

Orphan drugs that are used to treat small populations are often more expensive than orphan drugs used for larger populations
  • An inverse relationship exists between the cost per year for a therapy and the number of patients, with more expensive therapies being dispensed to relatively few patients.
  • 2017年孤儿药的年中位成本超过每年46,800美元。
  • 但是,最多的患者使用的十种孤儿疗法平均每年为9,676美元(中位成本为1,216美元)。

美国的医学支出正在从传统的小分子药物转变为特殊药物,这些药物对待相对较少的慢性,复杂或稀有疾病的人
  • 特殊份额的医学支出总额已从1997年的11%上升到2017年的43%,而同期使用孤儿药的支出已从4%上升到10%。
  • 许多孤儿药是特种产品,87%的孤儿支出属于专业。
  • 毒品支出的演变伴随着医疗保健利益相关者引入的节省成本机制,包括:健康计划专业级别,患者共同保险费,使用专业药房和有限的分销网络等,这些层次增加了患者的成本负担必威手机APP。

Although a quarter of all drug spending in the United States is tied to drugs with orphan approvals, only 9.6% of their use is for orphan designated indications
  • While the number of approved orphan drugs increased from 364 in 2013 to 487 in 2017, the share of total drug spending tied to orphan indication use increased from 8.1% to 9.6%, up from about 3% in 1993.
  • Non-orphan use of these molecules represents 15.3% of overall medicines spending, reflecting that for those molecules with both orphan and non-orphan indications, the non-orphan indications represent much of their use and sales.
  • Use of orphan drugs for their approved orphan indications account for approximately $43 billion.

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